WordPress is the most popular website builder worldwide; over 43.4% of live websites are created and maintained by this CMS (Content Management System).
So, it is essential to provide WordPress-friendly web hosting services that provide the best performance and security and personalize features such as 1-click WordPress installation, migration, acceleration, automatic updates, and more.
Because of the huge popularity of WordPress, thousands of web hosting providers have started offering WordPress hosting services. But if you want the best page speed, then it’s required to choose the fastest WordPress hosting provider.
As a beginner or an expert, it’s tough and time-consuming to choose the fastest WordPress hosting services provider. But you don’t need to worry about choosing the best WordPress hosting for your business.
Today, we picked the 13 best WordPress hosting providers. Most of them offer the fastest WordPress hosting and award-winning customer support.
Editor's Choice
If you want a separate server for your website and want the fastest WordPress hosting, then we highly recommend you go with Cloudways.
- Load time: 4.8/5
- Uptime: 99%
- Support Score: 4.9/5
- Pricing: from $11/m
- Storage: 25 – 1280GB
#2nd Best Choice
When comparing the website speed, Liquid Web is top for its super-fast loading time. And they also provide the fastest WordPress hosting.
- Load time: 5/5
- Uptime: 99.999%
- Support Score: 5/5
- Pricing: from $17.50/m
- Storage: 15 – 840GB
#3rd Best Choice
Kinsta is the fastest WordPress hosting provider on our list, offering fast, secure WordPress hosting with rich features.
- Load time: 4/5
- Uptime: 99%
- Support Score: 4.7/5
- Pricing: from $30/m
- Storage: 10 –100GB
Cloudways is the top pick fastest WordPress hosting provider on our list and is the best choice for those who are looking for the ultimate choice of WordPress hosting as a developer, agencies, or SMBs.
They offer customizable plans that you can always scale up/down to optimize operational costs, which helps you protect your website from huge traffic spikes. Cloudways allows you to choose your cloud servers from top providers like Amazon Web Services, Google Cloud, Digital Ocean, Linode and Vultr.
All of their WordPress hosting plans come with Cloudflare CDN, Free website migration, 24/7 Real-time Monitoring, Unlimited Application Installation, and many more top-notch features. The best part is that you can try a 3-day free trial to test their services before purchasing, which doesn’t even require any credit or debit card information.
Top Features
- 24/7/365 expert customer support team
- Free SSL certificate
- Dedicated Firewalls
- 24/7 Real-time Monitoring
- Unlimited Application Installation
- Automated Backups
Speed Test Results
| Region | Load Time |
|---|---|
| US | 1.29s |
| EU | 0.23s |
| ASIA | 1.49s |
Pricing
Cloudways offer a customizable price plan, that you can scale up/down as your website traffic stats.
Their most beginner-friendly cloud hosting provider, DigitalOcean, costs $11/month and offers 1GB of RAM, 1 core CPU, 25GB of storage, 1TB of Bandwidth, and more.
The most advanced ultimate performance Google Cloud GCE HC 16XL plan comes at $1593.58/month and offers 64GB of RAM, 64 core CPU, 20GB of SSD storage, and more.
Remember, all of the plans are easily customizable based on your website requirements. So, you can always scale up or down as needed.
2. LiquidWeb
Liquid Web is one of the fastest-managed WordPress hosting providers in the world. It is suitable for all business WordPress websites that need more server support.
They offer WordPress hosting by their sub-brand Nexcess and provide everything you need to build your successful WordPress website. All of their plans come with complimentary instant staging, SSL certificates, daily backups, unlimited email accounts, 1-click WordPress installation and many more premium features.
Liquid Web offers smooth migration, which will help you a lot if you want to migrate your existing WordPress website from another hosting provider. They also offer a 30-day money-back guarantee if you’re not satisfied with their managed WordPress hosting.
Top Features
- Free Migration
- Free speed up your WordPress website
- Gives you maximum uptime of up to 99.9999%
- Automatic WordPress updates
- Proactive Monitoring
- Cost Efficiency
Speed Test Results
| Region | Load Time |
|---|---|
| US | 1.33s |
| EU | 0.35s |
| ASIA | 1.49s |
Pricing
Their managed WordPress hosting comes with 6 different pricing plans, so you don’t need to invest more money for your small business website.
Their most budget-friendly Spark plan comes at $17.50/month and offers 15GB of SSD storage, 2TB of bandwidth, 10 PHP workers, 20 autoscaled PHP workers, and much more.
The highest Enterprise plan costs $912.50/month and offers 800GB storage, 10TB bandwidth, 60 PHP workers, 70 autoscaled PHP workers, and the ability to handle up to 250 sites.
All of the plans come with a plugin performance monitor, WooCommerce automated testing, and iThemes Security Pro.
Kinsta is another fastest-managed WordPress hosting provider trusted by 120,000+ businesses and brands around the world. It is an extension for your business that offers fast, secure, and rich features to help you grow your website.
They provide some of the best features, which make them the best choice for high-traffic WordPress websites. These features are Edge Caching, Continuous MySQL database optimization, Auto Image optimization, Code minification, and Early Hinting (which gives you 30% faster page speed).
All of their plans come with advanced DDoS protection, which is especially important for WordPress sites, Free malware removal, Security vulnerability alerts, Multiple backup options, Secure remote access and much more.
Top Features
- Make your pages load faster with Edge Caching
- Automated db optimization to ensure it’s always in perfect shape
- Optimize your code and website performance
- Boost your page load times by converting PNG, JPEG, and GIF files to WebP automatically
- Early Hints gives you 30% faster page speed.
Speed Test Results
| Region | Load Time |
|---|---|
| US | 0.798s |
| EU | 1.09s |
| ASIA | 1.5s |
Pricing
Kinsta’s WordPress hosting package comes with 3 different packages, and those are divided into 2 to 3 sub-packages.
Their most budget-friendly Starter plan costs $30/month and offers 1 WordPress install, 25K visits per month, 100GB CDN and SSL, 10GB SSD storage, 1 Premium Migration, and more.
The most Advanced Enterprise plan costs $563/month and offers 60 WordPress installs, 1 million visits per month, 2TB CDN and SSL, 200GB SSD storage, and more.
They also offer a custom plan for high-traffic websites with unlimited visitors, CDN bandwidth and much more. All of their plans come with Free Unlimited Migrations from any other host.
WPX.net is another fasted web hosting provider, and they provide super fast WordPress and WooCommerce hosting.
If you want the fastest WordPress loading time, they can help you a lot with their Free Speed optimizations and ultra-fast servers. They have 3 different server locations all over the world, and 37+ XDN points worldwide help you load your website faster from the nearest location.
Their support team provides Free, unlimited, 24/7 high-speed expert WPX hosting support. They promise to respond in under 30 seconds and have a good reputation for solving any problem in under 15 minutes.
Top Features
- 3 different data center
- 37+ XDN points worldwide
- Free WordPress Speed optimizations
- Ultra-fast server's response time
- Bug fixes with completely FREE of charge
- 90% of issues are solved on chat in real-time
Speed Test Results
| Region | Load Time |
|---|---|
| US | 0.572s |
| EU | 0.716s |
| ASIA | 1.4s |
Pricing
WPX.net only provide two fast web hosting services WordPress, and WooCommerce hosting. And WordPress hosting comes with 4 different pricing plans.
The most affordable business plan comes with $20.83/month and offers Up to 5 Websites, 15GB Storage, 200GB Bandwidth, 1 GB RAM per site, 3 PHP Workers per site, and 1 CPU Core.
The most expensive Elite plan costs $83.25/month and offers up to 35 Websites, 60 GB Storage, ∞ 1 GB bandwidth, 3 PHP Workers per site, and 3 CPU Cores.
All of their WordPress hosting packages come with Free Malware Removal, a 30-second Average Support Response, Free Fixes If the Site is Offline, Free Site Speed Optimization, a 30-day Money-Back Guarantee, and 99.95% Uptime.
WPEngine is a well-known and highly recommended managed WordPress hosting provider that offers speed, security, reliability, scalability, and expert support.
Their web hosting services are designed for all businesses, whether you’re a small business owner or just getting started with your WordPress website. They provide the Fastest WordPress caching, 200+ Global CDN locations, Automatic WordPress, Theme, and plugin updates, Advanced DDoS protection, and many more rich features.
All of their pricing plans come with a 99.99% uptime guarantee and a 60-day money-back guarantee.
Top Features
- Fastest WordPress caching
- 200+ Global CDN locations
- Advanced DDoS protection
- Automatic WordPress, Theme and Plugin update
- Expert Support available 24/7/365
- Free SSL Certificates from Let's Encrypt with just one click
Speed Test Results
| Region | Load Time |
|---|---|
| US | 1.63s |
| EU | 0.86s |
| ASIA | 1.99s |
Pricing
WPEngine comes with 5 different pricing plans, and one of them is the custom plan, and it’s perfect for those who need more than unlimited installs.
Their cheapest startup plan costs $20/month. It offers one site, 25,000 visits, 10GB storage, 50GB bandwidth, and much more.
The most advanced Scale plan comes with $194/month and offers 30 WordPress website installs, 400,000 monthly visits, 50GB of storage, 500GB of bandwidth, and more.
All of their plans include Free SSL Certificates from Let’s Encrypt with just one click, Global CDN Readiness, Automated SSL certificate installation via the install wizard, and much more.
Hostinger is one of the oldest web hosting provider providers all over the world, well known for providing the fastest WordPress hosting at affordable prices in the market.
They provide everything you need to run your WordPress website smoothly such as a free domain with unlimited SSL certificates, daily backups, free CDN, dedicated IP, free business mail, unlimited bandwidth, WordPress Acceleration and many more premium features.
All of their WordPress hosting packages come with a 30-day no-talk money-back guarantee, so if you’re not satisfied, you’ll get your money back. Their 24/7 expert customer support team is ready to assist you with any issues or questions you might have.
Top Features
- Free domain and SSL certificates
- Free 1-click WordPress Installation
- Free Automatic Website Migration
- Cloudflare Protected Nameservers
- WordPress Acceleration for faster load times
- Enhanced DDoS Protection
Speed Test Results
| Region | Load Time |
|---|---|
| US | 1.53s |
| EU | 0.37s |
| ASIA | 1.89s |
Pricing
Hostinger WordPress hosting plan comes with 3 different pricing plans Premium, Business, and Cloud Startup.
Their most affordable Premium plan costs $2.99/month and offers 100 WordPress installs, standard performance, 100GB of storage, weekly backups, a free domain with SSL certificates, and more.
And the fastest WordPress hosting, the Cloud Startup plan comes with $9.99/month and offers 300 WordPress installs, ultimate performance, 200GB of storage, daily backups, dedicated IP, free domain with SSL certificates, and more.
All of their WordPress hosting plans come with a 30-day money-back guarantee, 99.99% uptime guarantee, and 24/7 expert customer support.
HostGator is another of the fastest WordPress hosting providers. They offer fast, secure, and reliable hosting services for your WordPress website.
Like Hostinger, they also offer everything you need to run your WordPress website smoothly such as a free domain, SSL certificate, automatic WP updates, pre-install WordPress, free CDN, phone & chat support with free domain privacy protection.
They offer Lightning-Fast, Advanced Caching, and CDN technology to ensure your website loads quickly for visitors worldwide. They also provide a 99.9% uptime guarantee and 24/7 expert customer support.
Top Features
- Free domain and SSL certificate
- Automatic WP updates
- Pre-install WordPress
- Lightning Fast, Advanced Caching and CDN technology
- Phone & Chat Support with free domain privacy protection
Speed Test Results
| Region | Load Time |
|---|---|
| US | 1.7s |
| EU | 0.57s |
| ASIA | 1.34s |
Pricing
HostGator’s fastest WordPress hosting comes with 3 different pricing plans Baby, Business, and Pro plan.
Their most affordable Baby plan comes with $4.95/month and offers 2 WordPress websites installed, unmetered bandwidth, a free SSL certificate, pre-install WordPress, Cloudflare CDN, Malware scanning, and more.
The most expensive Pro plan costs $13.95/month and offers 5 websites, unmetered bandwidth, a free SSL certificate, free domain privacy protection, a dedicated IP address, daily backups, and many more premium features.
All of their hosting plans come with a 99.9% uptime guarantee and 24/7 expert customer support to ensure your WordPress website runs smoothly at all times.
Dreamhost is the most affordable and fastest WordPress hosting provider with the latest technologies to make your website load faster.
They also provide a lot of premium features for free, which help you a lot if you just start out with a tiny budget. They offer free domain, unlimited traffic, 1-click WordPress installation, automatic WordPress migration and many more premium features.
Dreamhost offers a 97-day money-back guarantee, which means if you are not satisfied with their service, you’ll get your money back. You can also contact them anytime for support.
Speed Test Results
Top Features
- Free domain and SSL certificate
- Unlimited traffic
- Automatic WordPress migration
- 1-click WordPress installation
- Fast SSD Storage
| Region | Load Time |
|---|---|
| US | 1.82s |
| EU | 1.72s |
| ASIA | 3.12s |
Pricing
Dreamhost WordPress hosting comes with 2 different pricing plans, and all of these two plans are much more affordable than the other fastest web hosting providers on our list.
The most affordable Starter WordPress hosting plan is $2.59/month and offers 1 WordPress installation, unlimited traffic, free migrations, a WP website builder, and many more features.
The premium WordPress unlimited plan comes at $3.95/month and offers unlimited WordPress installation, advanced features such as unlimited email addresses and more.
Dreamhost also offers a 97-day money-back guarantee, so if you’re not satisfied, you’ll get your money back within 97 days of purchase.
ScalaHosting is another top-notch choice if you’re looking for the best and fastest WordPress hosting providers in 2024.
They provide top-notch features to their users such as free domain names with SSL certificates, unlimited email accounts, unlimited databases, daily backups, a 1-click WordPress installer, and many more rich features.
Their expert team allow you to migrate your WordPress website to ScalaHosting without any downtime, and their 24/7 customer support team is ready if you need them.
Top Features
- Free & Effortless WordPress Migration
- Friendly 24/7 Technical Support
- Free Domain Name & SSL Certificates
- Easy Website Management
- Install, Manage and Secure WordPress with One Click
Speed Test Results
| Region | Load Time |
|---|---|
| US | 1.86s |
| EU | 1.47s |
| ASIA | 2.56s |
Pricing
ScalaHosting also comes with 4 different pricing plans Web Mini, Start, Advanced, and Entry Cloud.
The most affordable WP Mini plan costs $2.95/month and offers 1 WordPress install, free SSL certificates, an unlimited email account, an unlimited database, daily backups, a one-click WordPress install, and more.
The most expensive Entry Cloud plan costs $14.95/month and offers unlimited WordPress installs, a free domain with SSL certificates, unlimited email accounts, an unlimited database, daily backups, and a one-click malware removal service for your website.
ScalaHosting offers a 30-day money-back guarantee and promises to give their customers 99.9% uptime guaranteed with friendly technical support whenever you need it.
HostPapa is another popular and fastest WordPress hosting provider that offers high-performance web hosting for your WordPress website.
Like other WordPress hosting providers HostPapa also provides all of the basic features such as a free domain name, free WordPress installation, free Jetpack installation, enhanced WordPress caching, Unlimited image CDN, and many more premium features.
What we like most about HostPapa is their super fast, responsive customer support, which is available 24/7 to assist you with any issues or questions you might have.
Top Features
- Free domain and WordPress installation
- Free Jetpack installation
- Enhanced WordPress caching
- Unlimited image CDN
- Super fast responsive customer support
- Brute force attack protection
Speed Test Results
| Region | Load Time |
|---|---|
| US | 1.87s |
| EU | 0.97s |
| ASIA | 1.9s |
Pricing
HostPapa is another pretty affordable and fastest WordPress hosting provider, their pricing plan comes with 4 different plans.
The most affordable WP Start plan is $2.95/month and offers 1 WordPress install, a free domain name with SSL certificates, a free WordPress installation, a free Jetpack plugin, a WordPress migration, and much more.
The most expensive WP Ultra plan comes with $12.95/month and offers unlimited WordPress installation, unlimited bandwidth, free domain name with SSL certificates, full server access and more.
All hosting plans come with a 30-day money-back guarantee and 24/7 expert customer support to ensure your satisfaction.
InterServer is another powerful, affordable and fastest WordPress hosting provider, that offers 99.9% uptime guarantee with their high-performance web hosting services.
All WordPress hosting packages come with a Choice of Direct Admin or Webuzo, optimised WordPress cron, Litespeed cache plugin, Optimized heartbeat control, OPcache PHP accelerator, and many more premium features.
InterServer also provides 24/7 expert customer support with a commitment to solving any issues or questions you might have.
Top Features
- Choice of DirectAdmin or Webuzo
- Optimized WordPress cron
- OPcache php accelerator
- 99.9% uptime guarantee
- Multiple language Servers
- Flexible Software Options
Speed Test Results
| Region | Load Time |
|---|---|
| US | 1.65s |
| EU | 0.87s |
| ASIA | 1.91s |
Pricing
InterServer VPS WordPress hosting plan comes with 4 different pricing plans, so you can choose the perfect one which is suitable for your WordPress website.
The most affordable 1 Core plan comes at $6/month and offers 1 core, 2GB of memory, 30GB SSD storage, 2TB bandwidth, and more.
The most premium 4 cores plan offers 4 cores, 8GB memory, 120GB of SSD storage, 8TB bandwidth and more.
All plans come with a 30-day money-back guarantee and 24/7 expert customer support.
Namehero is another affordable WordPress hosting provider, that offers enterprise-level web hosting at a very reasonable price.
You should choose them because of their LiteSpeed Caching, One Click Quick Cloud Acceleration, High-Performing AMD EPYC CPUs with NVMe Storage, and Highly Available Server Resources with Redundant 20gbp/s Uplinks.
The best part is that all WordPress hosting packages come with unlimited storage, which is a plus for your WordPress website.
Top Features
- LiteSpeed Caching
- One Click Quick Cloud Acceleration
- High-Performing AMD EPYC CPUs With NVMe Storage
- Highly Available Server Resources With Redundant 20gbp/s Uplinks
- Unlimited storage
Speed Test Results
| Region | Load Time |
|---|---|
| US | 0.733s |
| EU | 2s |
| ASIA | 4.72s |
Pricing
Namehero WordPress hosting plan also comes with 4 different plans, and all of these features are perfect for your WordPress website in a very affordable price range.
The cheapest Starter WordPress plan is $2.69/month, and it is perfect for small WordPress websites. It offers 1GB RAM, unlimited NVme storage, Unlimited bandwidth, and more.
The most expensive Business WordPress plan is $10.48/month. It is perfect for your big WordPress website and includes 4 GB RAM, unlimited NVme storage, Unlimited bandwidth, and more.
Ultahow is the final fastest WordPress hosting provider on our list, they provide best best-managed WordPress hosting at affordable prices in the market
They offer all kinds of premium services for free with their WordPress hosting plan, such as free WordPress migration, WordPress optimisation, Free Domain Transfer, Free Migration Plugin, and more.
The best part is that they offer unlimited SSD Storage and Bandwidth with every WordPress hosting plan, making them the ultimate choice for your high-traffic WordPress website.
Top Features
- Free WordPress migration
- WordPress Optimized
- Free Domain Transfer
- Free Migration Plugin
- Unlimited SSD Storage and Bandwidth
Speed Test Results
| Region | Load Time |
|---|---|
| US | 2s |
| EU | 1.64s |
| ASIA | 2.08s |
Pricing
Ultahost has 4 different pricing plans for their managed WordPress hosting service. So, you can choose based on your web hosting needs.
The cheapest ULTA WordPress plan costs $2.90/month and offers 1 website, 30GB of SSD storage, unlimited bandwidth, and more.
The most premium VPS WordPress plan costs $27.50/month and offers 300 WordPress websites, unlimited SSD storage, unlimited bandwidth, and more.
All hosting plans come with a 30-day money-back guarantee and 24/7 expert customer support to ensure your satisfaction.
What is WordPress Hosting?
WordPress is a popular content management system (CMS) that allows a non-tech person to create and manage their dream website without writing a single line of code.
In 2024, over 43.4% of live websites are created and maintained every day by this most popular no-code website builder. So, it’s important to make a WordPress-friendly web hosting package to make it more optimized and fast.
From this thought, WordPress hosting was born to provide optimized web hosting service for WordPress users. WordPress hosting offers a lot of personalized features that help your site run efficiently and smoothly.
Most WordPress hosting providers offer one-click WordPress installation, free WordPress migration, WordPress acceleration, WordPress auto-updates, WordPress multisite, WordPress security updates, and much more.
How to Choose the Best WordPress Hosting Providers
To choose the best WordPress web hosting package for your website, you need to look up a few things. This will help you to find the best and fastest WordPress hosting provider.
Performance & Speed
Performance and speed are the most important factors when choosing WordPress hosting for your website. Currently, most WordPress hosting providers offer SSD storage, but you can also look up NVMe SSD storage.
NVMe SSs have theoretical transfer speeds of up to 20Gbps which is faster compared to SATA SSDs with 6Gbps transfer speeds.
Also, look for the hosting providers who offer LiteSpeed or Litespeed cache plugins. This will help your website load faster and provide a better user experience. If your WordPress hosting providers offer up to 20MB/S I/O speed, then it will help your site run properly.
Server Location
Server location plays an important role in your WordPress website speed optimization. Server location means where your website’s server is located, The closer the server location is to your target audience, the faster your website will load for them.
Most of the web hosting providers like Cloudways, WPX.net, Liquid Web, and Hostinger have multiple server locations that you can choose from. Also, WordPress hosting providers offer super fast CDN (Content Delivery Network), which will help your website load faster globally.
Uptime
Uptime means how much time your website is live without any downtime. When choosing a WordPress hosting provider, make sure they promise a minimum of 99.9% uptime guarantee.
If you are running an e-commerce or business website, then even 0.1% downtime can cost you a lot of money and customers. So, look for providers who offer high uptime guarantees to ensure that your website is always live on the internet.
Security Features
WordPress has a few disreputes about its security issues, but there are a lot of WordPress plugins available such as Wordfence, Malcare, Sucuri, etc. to help secure your website.
However, if your WordPress hosting provider takes the responsibility to keep your website secure it will be a bonus. Look for providers who offer free SSL certificates, daily backup services, DDoS protection, Malware scanners, free WHOIS privacy, firewalls or other security protocols to ensure the safety of your website.
Customer Support
Customer support works like a lifesaver when you’re running through a problem with your WordPress website. Think, if your website is down at 3 AM and your hosting provider’s support team isn’t available to help then it will cost you a lot.
Make sure your WordPress hosting providers offer 24/7 customer support and multiple ways to contact them such as live chat, phone calls, and email ticketing system.
Pricing
And the last important factor in choosing the fastest WordPress hosting is your budget. Your budget can be the ultimate deciding factor when choosing your WordPress hosting provider. But this investment help you to grow your website easily and faster.
If you have a good amount budget to purchase the fastest WordPress hosting for your business, then we recommend you to go with Cloudways, Liquid Web, or WPX.net. These providers offer high-performance and optimized managed WordPress hosting with an affordable pricing plan.
However, if you have a limited budget and want to create a small online business, then our top recommendation is Hostinger or Dreamhost. These two WordPress hostinger providers offer everything you need when you purchase a WordPress hosting plan from them.
FAQ About Fastest WordPress Hosting
Which hosting is best for WordPress?
If you’re looking for the best WordPress hosting provider for your business, then our top recommendation is Cloudways, Liquid Web, or WPX.net. These 3 WordPress web hosting providers are unicorns in the WordPress hosting industry.
Is WordPress hosting faster than shared hosting?
Definitely, WordPress hosting is much faster than traditional shared hosting. WordPress hosting providers offer SSD or NVMe SSD storage, LiteSpeed server, and CDN integration that make everything faster and smoother for your WordPress website.
Which WordPress hosting is fastest?
Cloudways, Liquid Web, and WPX.net web hosting providers offer the fastest WordPress hosting for your website.
Which server is better for WordPress?
Cloudways, Liquid Web, WPX.net are the leading providers in the WordPress hosting industry. They offer top-notch server speed and optimized servers for your WordPress website.
Is hostinger good for WordPress?
Yeah! Hostinger is a good web hosting provider for WordPress websites, and it’s also a budget-friendly option.
Conclusion
Hope this article will help you to find the best and fastest WordPress hosting provider for your online business.
If you have a good amount to spend on the best WordPress hosting, then our top recommendation is Cloudways, Liquid Web, or WPX.net. These 3 WordPress hosting providers offer high-performance and optimized managed WordPress hosting.
However, if you have a limited budget, then Hostinger and Dreamhost are the two best options to start your online journey.
Before choosing your WordPress hosting for your business, make sure that your WordPress hosting provider offers the best performance, speed, uptime, security, and customer support.
But if you go with our mentioned provider in this article, then you don’t need to worry about any of that. This 13 fastest WordPress hosting provider takes care of all of your WordPress hosting needs.
